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Betas – A importância na definição do custo do capital próprio

No CAPM, o beta de um investimento é o risco que aquele investimento acrescenta á característica de mercado. No APM, e nos modelos multifatoriais, os betas do investimento relativo a cada fator precisam ser medidos. Existem três abordagens disponíveis para  a estimativa desses parâmetros. A primeira utiliza dados históricos dos preços de mercados, para cada um dos investimentos individuais. A segunda, é estimar os betas das características fundamentais do investimento; e a terceira, é usar dos dados da contabilidade de acordo com o desempenho da empresa em relação a um parâmetro de mercado previamente definido.

Apresentamos abaixo o estudo efetuado por Damondaran na análise de um banco de dados estatístico de empresas dos EUA.

Industry NameNumber of FirmsAverage BetaMarket D/E RatioTax RateUnlevered Beta
Advertising321,6840,84%16,02%1,25
Aerospace/Defense660,9826,64%20,08%0,81
Air Transport361,0359,08%21,35%0,70
Apparel541,3613,77%18,57%1,23
Auto Parts541,7624,37%18,77%1,47
Automotive121,73103,42%16,24%0,93
Bank4160,77128,23%16,39%0,37
Bank (Midwest)680,8949,85%20,99%0,64
Beverage350,9522,29%18,82%0,80
Biotechnology2141,2315,92%2,98%1,07
Building Materials431,5765,24%9,48%0,99
Cable TV201,4066,11%21,23%0,92
Chemical (Basic)181,3724,73%21,89%1,15
Chemical (Diversified)331,5516,69%19,75%1,37
Chemical (Specialty)701,1820,53%15,35%1,00
Coal201,4768,38%11,27%0,91
Computer Software1910,986,55%12,43%0,92
Computers/Peripherals811,379,70%10,01%1,26
Diversified Co.1131,2278,69%17,18%0,74
Drug2231,0814,79%5,14%0,94
E-Commerce641,056,74%10,52%0,99
Educational Services330,9124,73%21,72%0,76
Electric Util. (Central)200,5785,00%30,12%0,36
Electric Utility (East)170,4367,90%33,49%0,29
Electric Utility (West)150,5881,37%29,09%0,37
Electrical Equipment641,4312,28%16,15%1,29
Electronics1231,2222,46%11,31%1,01
Engineering & Const301,2813,23%25,00%1,17
Entertainment761,6033,87%12,56%1,24
Entertainment Tech421,1111,54%11,01%1,01
Environmental840,6643,07%7,60%0,48
Financial Svcs. (Div.)2561,34204,42%16,23%0,49
Food Processing1190,8723,50%21,63%0,74
Foreign Electronics101,1045,71%23,12%0,81
Funeral Services61,1249,48%28,66%0,83
Furn/Home Furnishings321,6322,06%16,69%1,37
Healthcare Information200,9711,62%20,31%0,88
Heavy Truck & Equip231,8047,30%22,74%1,32
Homebuilding221,5549,57%7,12%1,06
Hotel/Gaming571,6544,75%17,52%1,21
Household Products270,9818,11%24,66%0,86
Human Resources251,3810,80%26,61%1,28
Industrial Services1360,9736,56%20,19%0,75
Information Services281,2528,46%18,33%1,01
Insurance (Life)321,4455,85%21,09%1,00
Insurance (Prop/Cas.)620,8521,48%10,73%0,71
Internet1941,172,29%8,43%1,15
Investment Companies311,277,55%2,26%1,18
IT Services631,055,72%16,27%1,00
Machinery941,2617,39%22,73%1,11
Maritime511,51181,21%7,92%0,57
Med Supp Invasive870,8716,48%12,60%0,76
Med Supp Non-Invasive1431,0712,89%10,61%0,96
Medical Services1180,8450,23%17,72%0,59
Metal Fabricating251,6323,59%23,30%1,38
Metals & Mining (Div.)771,6215,42%11,24%1,42
Natural Gas (Div.)311,2841,08%22,02%0,97
Natural Gas Utility270,4666,15%28,80%0,31
Newspaper141,8639,29%18,35%1,41
Office Equip/Supplies221,4372,14%22,66%0,91
Oil/Gas Distribution121,0253,39%18,11%0,71
Oilfield Svcs/Equip.811,6627,72%18,20%1,35
Packaging & Container271,2056,17%23,09%0,84
Paper/Forest Products321,3743,01%11,43%0,99
Petroleum (Integrated)261,1720,47%30,34%1,02
Petroleum (Producing)1761,4528,12%11,71%1,16
Pharmacy Services181,1718,88%23,18%1,02
Pipeline MLPs530,7444,37%4,30%0,52
Power1011,35163,45%6,19%0,53
Precious Metals831,0313,65%11,13%0,92
Precision Instrument821,2721,21%14,13%1,07
Property Management311,30112,58%16,50%0,67
Public/Private Equity122,0228,73%19,17%1,64
Publishing291,1736,14%22,69%0,92
R.E.I.T.1271,4337,01%0,04%1,04
Railroad121,3223,46%28,60%1,13
Recreation511,4537,75%20,31%1,11
Reinsurance110,8218,90%3,58%0,69
Restaurant651,1613,15%19,23%1,05
Retail (Hardlines)791,7926,01%22,55%1,49
Retail (Softlines)421,435,59%25,57%1,37
Retail Automotive191,3944,33%32,69%1,07
Retail Building Supply101,1111,72%25,56%1,02
Retail Store381,2925,58%24,83%1,08
Retail/Wholesale Food300,6834,84%31,18%0,55
Securities Brokerage271,07264,59%30,41%0,38
Semiconductor1421,4910,06%11,71%1,37
Semiconductor Equip101,7916,98%15,21%1,57
Shoe171,261,94%19,89%1,24
Steel331,6556,21%24,24%1,16
Telecom. Equipment1051,0713,31%14,01%0,96
Telecom. Services761,1531,82%16,22%0,91
Telecom. Utility230,92108,25%26,94%0,51
Thrift1700,6819,50%15,84%0,58
Tobacco110,8618,87%32,82%0,76
Toiletries/Cosmetics141,1720,63%27,33%1,01
Trucking341,0942,33%25,94%0,83
Water Utility110,4973,18%31,45%0,33
Wireless Networking581,3525,67%10,06%1,10
Total Market61771,1742,92%14,93%0,86
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